July 14, 2015

Previous use of Titanium in Russian Submarines

For larger image click here (Courtesy Business Insider Australia) so you can see current Russian submarine diving depths. Diagram gives the speed, diving depth, crew and length of all of Russia's current submarines with images mostly to scale. This and other amazing Russian military diagrams were created by Anton Egorov of Military Infographics on Behance, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
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The following is about Titanium (really Titanium alloys) that were used to build some Russian submarines in the Cold War (ending in the early 1990s). Titanium alloys are metals that contain a mixture of Titanium (Ti) and other chemical elements. Such alloys have very high tensile or yield strength and toughness. They are light in weight compared to steel and are very corrosion (including seawater) resistant.

The NATO designations for most (or all?) Russian submarines that used Titanium alloy in their pressure hulls were: Mike, Alfa, Sierra and Typhoon. Despite its benefits, the high costs of Titanium submarine construction led to its abandonment as the Cold War ended.

Titanium alloys used for the pressure hull (or hulls) allow a major increase in depth, but other submarine systems need to be redesigned for extreme pressure as well. A submarine's test depth my be limited to  1,000 meters - the depth a Mike Komsomolets dived to in 1984 the only Titanium pressured hulled Mike class submarine built.

Seven Alfa class SSNs were commissioned between 1971 and 1981. One may have dived to 1,300 metres though continuous operation at such depths caused excessive stress for many submarine systems. For sustained operation at such a depth complete redesign of the plumbing and other inter-hull systems would have been required. The diving to 1,300 meters, caused damage to equipment, which in a few cycles (dives) would make an Alfa very unreliable. The 1,300 meter test may have been conducted just prior to decommissioning. Alfas were high speed test submarines never used operationally. Project Sapphire connected to the Alfa is worth a novel.

The 4 submarine Sierra class SSNs (commissioned 1987 to 1996) were successors to the Alfas. With only 4 Sierras built their cost may have been similar to the 3 hugely expensive, limited production, US Seawolfs (still operational). A 2013 report indicated two Sierra class might be modernised and recommissioned. The Sierras have a more sustainable Titanium pressure hulls than the Mike and Alfas with the Sierras diving 550 meters.

The 6 Typhoon SSBNs commissioned in the 1980s (none now operational - one used for SLBM tests) had two separate pressure hulls made of Titanium alloy. As Typhoons weighed 24,000 tonnes (surfaced) their pressure hulls may have consisted of 1,000s tonnes of Ti making Typhoons significant contributors to the eventual bankruptcy of the Soviet Union.

With Titanium pressure hulls making only small numbers of Alfas and Sierras possible the Russians  decided to use lower cost steel in the SSN successors to the Sierras, the Akula SSNs. The Akulas are relatively successful with 15 completed. One steel hulled Yasen SSN has been completed since it was laid down in 1993.

The cost and difficulty of working with Titanium alloy suggests Russia will not return to using it for submarine pressure hulls.

BACKGROUND

Titanium costs up to nine times more than steel and is technically difficult and expensive to manufacture into marine vessel hulls - so it has been generally avoided by the shipbuilding industry. Titanium needs a totally different manufacturing process; shipyard workers must be retrained; construction halls must be reconfigured; and bending and shaping of heavy plates of Titanium alloy are far more difficult compared to steel.

Arguments for Titanium alloy is that it can be built thin - making it even lighter. For maximum diving depth submarines could be constructed of welded steel many mm thick however this makes hull weight excessive. Many other heavy essentials need to be packed into a submarine including including reactors or diesels/batteries, fuel oil, crew spaces, weapons and electronics. Heavy hull weight also adversely effects buoyancy and manoeuvrability. If constructed in Titanium submarines have lighter weight for the same size and virtually no corrosion. 

Specific factors which control the economics of joining/welding Titanium alloys may include:

-  the need for extreme cleanliness and careful gas shielding to prevent harmful contamination during fusion welding, 
-  the high cost of available weld filler materials (approximately $40 per pound decades ago - much higher now) and
-  the unavailability of an electrode for shielded-metal-arc welding (SMAW). 

The difficulty of welding Japan's submarine steel (equivalent to HY-156/157) may involve similar challenges.

Up to the 1990s Russian Titanium for submarine technology was far in advance of the West's, requiring fewer passes to achieve weldsNon-weldable Titanium alloys of HY-175 and greater are possible. 

"S" located information about Russia’s current Titanium alloy situation specifically concerning the VSMPO-AVISMA Corporation at http://www.vsmpo.ru/en . VSMPO-AVISMA used to make submarine Titanium alloy in former Soviet Union and is still the world leader in Titanium manufacturing. It is the major Titanium supplier to Airbus Industries and second largest supplier to Boeing. 

VSMPO-AVISMA's export business is: Aircraft  (35%) and Aircraft engines (12%). Customers include Airbus, Rolls Royce, Boeing, Pratt & Whitney, etc. VSMPO-AVISMA and Boeing co-developed new Titanium alloy (known as Ti-5553 used in the Boeing 787) and established a joint venture, Boeing Ural Manufacturing near VSMPO, Russia.

I'll write a future article about Chinese use of Titanium and also HY hull strengths of Chinese and Russian submarines.

Pete

9 comments:

Anonymous said...

One thing worth mentioning is the low magnetizability of Ti alloys. So you have to put less effort in demagnetizing your sub.

Pete said...

Hi Anonymous

The low magnetic nature of Ti alloys is only a small benefit compared to the overall very high cost of Ti materials and labour.

Also seafloor sensor array technology (much now not reliant on magnetic detection) and sea floor-mobile mines can more easily destroy deep diving Ti hulled subs. So Ti is even less beneficial these days.

Japan is also making Ti strength HY-156 or HY-157 equivalent submarine steel without many of the Ti fabrication problems. On Japan see http://gentleseas.blogspot.com.au/2015/04/submarine-steel-strength-implications.html and other steel and hull posts.

Regards

Pete

Anonymous said...

I wonder how beneficial is low or non magnetizability, since there is still that nuclear reactor, gas turbine, diesel engine, transmission all of which are highly magnetic. Also magnetic strength decreases rapidly with the cube of the distance so for magnetic detection one will need to be almost on top of the submarine or the submarine must be near surface. The new USN P-8 and S-70R Seahawk both do away with MAD

Anonymous said...

Dear Anonymous,

diesel engines could be built from Aluminium. Aluminium is even less magnetic than Titan. A transmission is not necessary with modern electrical engines. To demagnetize an engine is easier than doing it to a complete vessel.

A submarine made out of magnetic steel would be a large anomaly. The rest of a submarine's magnetism is rather small compared to other debris found on oceans floor.

The difference between a submarine operating at 1,000 m depth or at 10 m is less than an aircraft operating at 1,000 m or 10,000 m height (P-3 vs. P-8). The P-8 is the wrong type of aircraft for the ASW job.

Regards,
MHalblaub

Anonymous said...

Hi Pete

If USA allows, Japan willingly sells P-1 which is much superior hunter-killer to P-3C. Japan should also sell P-1 to India, and offer P-3C to Philippines and Vietnam.

Regards
S

Pete said...

Hi S

Looks like the US is already selling P-8 Poseidon Maritime Patrol Aircraft (MPAs) to India http://thediplomat.com/2015/07/india-will-purchase-4-more-us-maritime-surveillance-aircraft/ . The US has been the established MPA seller since even before the P-3 with the P-2 Neptune.

The US may agree to Japan selling/giving P-3Cs to the Philippines. However maybe not P-3Cs to Vietnam because Russia and Vietnam are already close in ASW matters given Russia's sale of 6 Kilos to Vietnam. The US probably would not want its P-3 technology transferred to the Russians.

Regards

Pete

Pete said...

Hi MHalblaub [at July 15, 2015 at 11:47 PM]

Re: "The P-8 is the wrong type of aircraft for the ASW job."

I've noticed a pattern of old retired US Navy P-3 pilots claiming the P-8 is no good at ASW because the P-8 cannot do some things the P-3 can do. Equally the P-3 cannot do some things the P-8 can do - like the P-8 covering much more sea and land area than the P-3.

The P-8 flying higher can also interact better with other and new sensor platforms. The P-8 may also perform better than the P-3 in overland reconnaisance functions. Also all new aircraft have initial teething problems.

Regards

Pete

Anonymous said...

Dear Pete,
quite the same arguments are made about the A-35. It is not a good dogfighter but the "sensors" will make up the difference. Well, you can put the sensors in a better platform.

To detect submarines an aircraft has to fly low with long loiter times. Multimission capability is a bad excuse for worse 1st mission capability.

The P-1 with 4 engines has a better take off performance than an aircraft with two engines. This is related to the one engine out scenario every aircraft has to consider. Also one engine out during a mission is quite different with two or 4 engines.

P-8 has no teething problems. The 737 is built to fly economic at high altitudes with high speeds. The problems are related to the aircraft itself.

Regards,
MHalblaub

Pete said...

Hi MHalblaub [at July 17, 2015 at 8:21 PM]

My response on ASW MPA's (eg. P-8) became so long I'll turn it into a new article - in a few days time.

Regards

Pete